Exercises+with+the+Chart+of+Nuclides

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These exercises are based on the Karlsruher Nuklidkarte Make a table from the chart of nuclides that explains what the different colors mean.
 * 1:**


 * 2:**

The Chart of nuclides is organized with number of neutrons along the x axis and number of protons along the y axis. Explain the following terms and how to find them in the map. Use 28 Si as a point of reference and give examples of the following:


 * 1) Isotope
 * 2) Isotone
 * 3) Isobar


 * 3:**

Use the chart of nuclides to find the heaviest naturally occurring element (the half-life must be longer than the age of the earth).


 * 4:**

Find the heaviest stable nuclide.


 * 5:**

What can the chart of nuclides tell you about Ar:


 * 1) Which stable isotope of Ar is the most abundant?
 * 2) Which radioactive isotope of Ar has the longest half-life?
 * 3) List the different Ar isotopes that have half-lives with seconds as order of magnitude
 * 4) What is the energy of the γ-radiation emitted when 43 Ar disintegrates and which is the most intense?


 * 6:**

Find information about the following from the chart of nuclides:


 * 1) What kind of information is given in the square for stable nuclides?
 * 2) If a nuclide emits β-radiations how is it possible to determine the type of β-radiation and its strength? Which unit is used to describe the energy?
 * 3) When a nuclide disintegrates is it possible to determine whether or not it will emit γ-radiation? If so, what unit is used to describe the energy?


 * 7:**

Which radioactive isotope of Si has the longest half-life, and how will it disintegrate until it reaches stability?


 * 8:**

A radionuclide unable to form by disintegration of another radionuclide is said to be shielded. The element Promethium (Pm, Z=61) has no stable isotopes. Find the isotope with the longest half-life and make a disintegration chain until stability. Are any of the Pm isotopes shielded?


 * 9:**

Some radionuclides compete between β + and β - disintegration, where are these located?

List the most likely decay chains from 179 Hg until it reaches stability.
 * 10:**


 * 11:**

In the chart of nuclides the isomeric state (//m//) is listed on the left side of the square, while the ground state (//g//) is listed on the right side. For those cases that are characterized, //m// and //g// describes which state the decay of the mother will primarily lead to. In regards to this, list the chain of disintegration from 121 Ag until stability.


 * 12:**

Some nuclides have a square divided with several colors. Use 211 Ra and 214 Ra to explain what this means (hint; check the explanation to the chart of nuclides).


 * 13:**

List the disintegration chain from a nucleus of 232 Th until stability (branching of 5% and less intensity can be ignored).


 * 14:**

A pure, freshly produced thorium salt with 232 Th as the only thorium isotope will not emit any γ-radiation, but an old thorium salt will emit strong high energetic γ-radiation. Explain why this occurs and specify the amount of energy on the radiation.


 * 15:**

Neutron poor nuclides may disintegrate with both β + and EC and close to stability only EC is possible. List the disintegration of 201 Tl and 197 Tl. What kind of radiation is emitted in each of these cases?

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